%eadnotat; ]> Alexander Marshal Insect Watercolors ca. 1650-17-- Ewell Sale Stewart Library Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2002 EAD tagging May 7, 2002. ENG Alexander Marshal Insect Watercolors Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 04/2002Cataloging and digitizing made possible by The Getty Grant Program. Coll. 941 Marshal, Alexander Alexander Marshal insect watercolors ca. 1650-17-- 1 album Ewell Sale Stewart Library, Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1101
Alexander Marshal, 162?-1682, was chiefly known as an illustrator of flowers and plants. In 1980, his expertise in painting insects also came to light, through this album of insect drawings. The album consists of 57 pages containing 129 watercolors of insects: butterflies, moths, caterpillars, beetles, locusts, spiders, flies, and crickets. The backs of Marshal's drawings contain notes in his own hand, and these annotations provide autobiographical information as well as material for study of word usage and dialects. The book was sold by a London bookseller to Roswell C. Williams Jr., sometime after 1917, as a collection of James Petiver's insect drawings. However, it is now known to be mostly the work of Alexander Marshal, providing a resource of autobiographical material on the activities of a gifted illustrator of insects and plants and an acute observer of nature and men. The names of three other artists are attached to various drawings: three are labeled "Withoos" (possibly Matthias Withoos, 1621-1703, or Alida Withoos, ca. 1660-1715, one is labeled "J. Robin" (possibly Jean Robin),and two are labeled "G.D. Ehret" (Georg Dionysius Ehret, 1708-1770). The artists of many drawings are, as yet, unidentified.

Alexander Marshal's date of birth remains unknown (162-?), but it is known that he died on 7th December 1682, leaving a widow, Dorothea (daughter of Francis Smith), but no children. Marshal first appears as a mature artist in the late 1640s, so was probably born before 1625. He was previously a merchant, and had resided for some time in France. It appears that Marshal had no house of his own. He is mentioned as living at Ham in 1650, London in 1651, and Islington in 1654 where he resided with the son of an Alderman Dewes, and he spent the last years of his life in Fulham Palace, home of his friend Henry Compton, who was Bishop of London from 1675.

Marshal's great nephew and eventual heir, William Freind, described him as a gentleman with "an independent fortune [who] painted merely for his Amusement". Nonetheless, already in 1958, Marshal was described in Sir William Sanderson's Graphice as a flower and fruit artist among "our Modern Masters comparable with any now beyond seas". He became renowned as one of the earliest water-colorists, and his ingenious experiments derived pigments from flowers, berries, gums, and roots, as well as verdigris and arsenic, that give his paintings a unique vibrancy of color.

Marshal's first surviving dated work is a miniature of the Countess of Dysart of 1649, owned by the Victoria and Albert Museum. There are several dated works from the 1650s consisting mostly of copies after Van Dyck and earlier masters. He was chiefly known, however, as an illustrator of flowers and plants. In 1980, his expertise in painting insects also came to light, through the album of insect drawings at the Academy. (Fisher.)

The collection consists of a red leather album with blue and red marbled endpapers containing 57 pages. The spine of the album reads, in gold: Illustrations of Insects / Petiver and Others. The book was sold by a London bookseller to Roswell C. Williams Jr., sometime after 1917, as a collection of James Petiver's insect drawings. However, it has come to light as mostly the work of Alexander Marshal (162-?-1682), providing a resource of autobiographical material on the activities of a gifted illustrator of insects and plants and an acute observer of nature and men.

The album contains 57 pages of 129 watercolors of insects: butterflies, moths, caterpillars, beetles, locusts, spiders, flies, and crickets; five drawings of insects with plants, and one drawing of a guinea pig. Images are 27 x 24 cm. and smaller, on pages measuring 33 x 28 cm. (13 x 11 in.). Drawings were pasted into an opening created in each page of the album. Natural history observations and other annotations are written on the recto and verso of some pages in at least four hands, some clearly applied after the assembly of all the drawings. Seven drawings were made on pages of Cotes's translation of T. Mouffet's Theater of Insects (London : Printed by E. Cotes, 1658).

The handwriting of the annotations found on fifty-one drawings in the album matches the handwriting of Marshal's found on botanical illustrations in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. Twenty of these descriptive annotations in the album pertain to the drawings on which they are found. However, it appears that the images came from a manuscript by Marshal in which he recorded notes and drawings, front and back. As the images were later cut and pasted into the album, the versos of some thirty-one drawings contain fragmentary notes that do not pertain to the drawings. Fourteen drawings have been labeled "Marshall" in an unidentified hand, and seem to be in keeping with his style. Marshal's drawings and annotations make up the first 26 pages of the album, with other of his images scattered thereafter.

A keen lepidopterist, Marshal's annotations describe his subjects in great detail. He also tells of enlisting the help of two of his friends: John Tradescant (1608-1662), and Bishop Henry Compton (1632-1713), in order to acquire many rare insects from foreign lands. In addition, his annotations provide material for study of word usage and dialects. Marshal was a man of dialectal (and inconsistent) spelling who nonetheless used some technical terms from Latin, knew some Greek and incorporated in his informal communication terms not generally known no to have been in use in his era. (Mears.)

The names of three other artists are attached to various drawings: three are labeled "Withoos" (possibly Matthias Withoos, 1621-1703, or Alida Withoos, ca. 1660-1715), one is labeled "J. Robin" (possibly Jean Robin),and two are labeled "G.D. Ehret" (Georg Dionysius Ehret, 1708-1770). The artists of many drawings are, as yet, unidentified. While the Ehret drawings were produced in the mid-eighteenth century, some of the annotations on the earlier drawings include dates and datable references from as early as 1650-1670. Since James Petiver (1663?-1718) was a youth at most when some of the drawings were made, and dead when Ehret drew, it is impossible that the assemblage as a whole represents the work of Petiver. Moreover, there is no direct evidence of any association of any of the drawings with Petiver. The album is certainly an amalgam of the work of several artists, probably produced in the present form near the end of the 18th century or during the 19th century.

All text is handwritten in ink unless otherwise stated. Text has been transcribed as it is found. Most images are numbered faintly in pencil by an unidentified hand, each page starting over with 1. These numbers are not noted. If titles are in brackets, they have been given by the cataloger.

Arranged as images are found in the album.

Beetles Insects Butterflies Moths Caterpillars Locusts Spiders FliesWatercolors--17th century Watercolors--18th centuryScientific illustrations--17th centuryScientific illustrations--18th century Ehret, Georg Dionysius, 1708-1770 Withoos, Matthias Withoos, Alida Petiver, James, 1663/4-1718 Robin, J.

Information on reproduction rights and services available in the library or on the web at http://www.ansp.org/library/reproductions.php

Cite as: Collection 941. Alexander Marshal Insect Watercolors. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Gift of Roswell C. Williams Jr., 1928.

Sold to Williams as a collection of James Petiver's insect drawings by a London bookseller, sometime after 1917.

Finding aid by Mary Hammer, 2002; digitizing by Sara Krause, 2002.

Fisher, John and Jane Roberts. Mr. Marshal's Flower Album from the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. By Alexander Marshal. London: Victor Gollancz Limited, 1985. Leith-Ross, Prudence. The Florilegium of Alexander Marshal: In the Collection of her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. London: Royal Collection, 2000. Mears, James A. "An Analysis of Information Preserved in a Recently Identified Collection of Insect Drawings by Alexander Marshall." History in the Service of Systematics. London: Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1981. 87-94. 1Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus)]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 18 x 20 cm.

1. Recto

Includes text below image in Marshal's hand: "This butterflye was brought from Goa in India and was given me by Mis Winter att Fulham, its head is of a gold yeallo hairy, & black shinning eyes its Cornicles & Legs, are black & whitte, its shoulders are hairy whitte & yeallo, and So is the lower part of the body, as you see, the upper wings are of a dunishe-black with ribs of umber Coulleur adorned with ovals or roundelets of a palle fleashe Coulleur in that order as you see, the under wings are of the same - Coulleur with halfe moones & rounds of whitte shadowed with a gold yealo as you see the edges of the wings have as it weare a narrow Little finge This is a day flye."

1 VersoMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Missing butterfly illustration. text area 18 x 19 cm.

Includes text below image area in Marshal's hand: "This day butterflye I drew, by one that was in John Tradescant Closet / hee tould me himselfe that he cought it in virginia the wings are of a dead / yealo exSept those parts Crose the wings which are very black a broad hem on the / Lower part of the uper wings, umber Couleur, betewne every Joint of the wing in that un / Couleur hem, there is a black stroake Crost with a Creasant whit, the under wing of t / same yealeo with a much broader, hem of a dunnish black Charged with 5 eye lids / peeres, of yealo in the midst of it a rundle of read lead Couleur, Crost with a shorth / black linne, his eyes are of Lack Couleur his Cornicles are longe and speakkye wi / some what Lyke two fethers att the ends." Lower left, in pencil: "Description of 1 separated".

Right hand ends of last lines cut off in mounting process.

2Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Crimson rose butterfly (Pachliopta hector)]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 16 x 21 cm.

2. Recto

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "The Right Honorable Henry / Compton Lord Bishop of London / my very good Lord, having the / power to send Chaplains to all / the plantations of India or else / where belonging to the King - / my indevours was to desier those / Chaplains to do me the favour / as to Collect for me in those parts thay went / flyes and other insects as they found them, and / untill they Came to my hands, some of those persons / did minde my request, and others did not, but Mr. John Evans Chaplain att Hugly neare Guzaratt in the / East Indies, sent me two of theese flyes and severall others and severall insexts, had the Chirurgien been / honnest as brought the box from India I had had many more of severall sorts, but he plundered the box / and I supose of the finnist that weare in the box and Left me but a few, this fly is one of them - / its eyes are of a darke Crimson, its head and nek is of a bright scarlet haire and so is the back and body / mixt with a fine black haire as you see, the uper wings are of a dull black edged with a Little whitt - / fringe, with those Lambels of a straw Coulleur as you can see, the under wings are of a dull black with thos / scarlett spots, but if I mouved my eyes or the fly, the black of the under wings would Change into a / dark deepe blew, but the uper wings did not, Change Coulleur, the under parts of the wings are marked / through out as the uper parts are."

Right of image includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand : "Bishop of London, 1675".

Lower right includes text in an undidentified hand : "Marshall".

3Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Brown butterfly with scarlet, pink and blue]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 15 x 22 cm.

3. Recto

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "The same Kinde of butterfly was sent / me amongst many others by Mr. John Evans / minister att Hugby in the East Indies, but it / was so broeken and spoylled, that I Could not / well make anything of it but by Chance a / frend of mine, brought one Mr. Goddart a Long / with him, to see my Curiousitties, who had Lived / some yeares in the East Indies, as a was Looking / upon my flyes, hee sayd that a had a butterflye / as fine as any I had of extraordinaire Coulleurs / which he keapt in a box with greatt Care. I aplyed my Selfe / and my frend to gitt this flye, but Could not prevaille, but tould me a would lend it me to draw on by it, / and a sent it to me, the thruth is the flye is very well preserved, and I have drawne this by it, which is of / the same as I have a bove written that was so broken and spoyled, to expres the Coulleurs and the formes / as they are, it would be endles, the flye I had, and placed it Just before me, and drew, and Coullered it / as you see, with my eyes allways fixt on way upon it, but if I mouved my eyes any way, or the flye / The Coulleurs you see would Change to other Coulleurs without end, what is whitte keapt all ways whitte / if is one of the beautifull flyes that ever I saw, I have some flyes that will Change Coulleur as you / mouve them, but nothing nears this, it would be a greatt satisfaction to those as love theese Chriosities / to see the Catterpiller as brings forth this flye and to know whatt they feed upon but those as finds / them in India are not so vertuose as to observe such things."

"Marshall" -- in an unidentified hand, lower right.

4Butterflies

4. Recto, full page

4. Verso, full page

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects, are visible on verso of drawings.

4aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Orange and blue butterfly, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 7 cm.

4a. Recto, detail

 4bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Peacock butterfly (Inachis io), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 9 x 7 cm.

4b. Recto, detail

 4cMarshal, Alexander, 1632-?-1682. [Orange and black butterfly, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 6 x 11 cm.

4c. Recto, detail

 5Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Emerald moth (Urania leilus)]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 15 x 21 cm.

5. Recto

Upper left of image includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Why such fine Drawings on such coarse Paper?"

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps beneath image: "This day flye was given me / by Mrs Morison Justice Morison / his Lady, he was a greatt florist & / a lover of rare plants, and Shee / a greatt vertuoso in Silke flowers / as any was in England, and had a / Closett well adorned with many / fine Curiosities, She tould me that this / fly was given hir by a frend as brought it / from the East Indies with very fin shells / hee gave hir, she Lived then at Tistleworth / neare Branford. This fly is of a dull black. the ribs of the wings of umber Coulleur, and stryps of pure green / and gold, and so are the under wings, only some spots next to the body more blew than the rest the wings are edged / with a whitt fringe its eyes are a Crimson legs & cornicles are black and whitt, all the body is hairy pure greene & gold as you see."

Below image, lower middle includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Urania Leibus".

Lower right includes text in undidentified hand : "Marshall".

6Moths

Four drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

6. Recto, full page

6. Verso, full page

 6aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Pink moth, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 9 x 8 cm.

6a. Recto, detail

 6bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Drinker moth (Philudoria potatoria), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 10 x 8 cm.

Lower right of image includes text in an unidentified hand: "Marshall".

6b. Recto, detail

 6cMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Grey moth, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 7 x 6 cm.

6c. Recto, detail

 6dMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [White moth, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 8 x 8 cm.

6d. Recto, detail

6d. Verso, detail

 7Moths

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

7. Recto, full page

7. Verso, full page

 7aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 11 x 9 cm.

"Marshall" -- in an unidentified hand, lower right.

7a. Recto, detail

7a. Verso, detail

 7bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Red underwing moth (Catocala nupta), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 12 x 10 cm.

7b. Recto, detail

7b. Verso, detail

 8Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Brown moth, caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 11 x 18 cm.

8. Recto

8. Verso

Left of image includes text in Marshal's hand: "Caterpillar I found in may it is of a palle / yealloe in the midle of every insision Crose the back / is a greatt stroake of deepe yealloe, and spotted / with blacke as you can see, it feeds upon the great mothmullen / when it had don feeding it wrapt it selfe in the Leafe / and weethin that in a very strong whitte silkey bagg / and turned to this oriella weethin the bagg, this oriella / is somewhat extraordinaire, which I never saw in any / other, it is a yealoish dull red and has under the belly of it / all a long Lyke a pype and it was Left hallow when the / fly was hatcht out of it, this fly is of a dusky Coulleur / shadowed in stryps of a darke umber Couleur and so is the / body as you See the ridge of the shoulder or neke is of a orange / red somewhatt in the upper part of the wings of the same / the Lower part of the wings are scalopt whitt and edges horry / and Couleurd as you see, it hatcht in Aprill following".

Text, visible on verso of drawing, continues: "This caterpillar was found feeding upon the ordinaire / netles in September but it grew bigger then when / I had it brought to me, the back was of a dull gray / and a little Lower was an indented black List the lenght / of its bodie and below that it was whitter all along / with spots of gray in every insision and umber round spots the / Lower part of its bodie was of a dull yealoish Couleur and the head and feette of umber Couleur, and had little umber / Couleur brushes on the back and syds as you see."

Verso of drawing include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

9Moths

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

9. Recto, full page

9. Verso, full page

 9aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Buff-tip moth (Phalera bucephala), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 9 x 12 cm.

9a. Recto, detail

9a. Verso, detail

 9b[Small elephant hawk moth (Deilephila porcellus), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 12 x 10 cm.

9b. Recto, detail

9b. Verso, detail

 10Moths

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

10. Recto, full page

10. Verso, full page

 10aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Sallow kitten [?] moth (Harpyia furcula), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 10 x 11 cm.

10a. Recto, detail

10a. Verso, detail

 10bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Peppered moth (Biston betularia), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 9 x 7 cm.

10b. Recto, detail

10b. Verso, detail

 10cMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Lackey [?] moth (Malacosoma neustria), caterpillar, and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 7 x 6 cm.

"Marshall" -- in an undidentified hand, lower right.

10c. Recto, detail

10c. Verso, detail

 11Moths

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings include fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

11. Recto, full page

11. Verso, full page

 11aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Brown and grey moth [Noctuidae?], pupa, and caterpillar]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 8 x 6 cm.

11a. Recto, detail

11a. Verso, detail

 11bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Green moth, pupa, and caterpillar]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 8 x 5 cm.

11b. Recto, detail

11b. Verso, detail

 11cMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Garden tiger moth (Arctia caja), pupa, and caterpillar]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 8 x 6 cm.

11c. Recto, detail

11c. Verso, detail

 12Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Moths, with caterpillar and pupa. 4 drawings : watercolor ; image 8 x 6 cm. -- 10 x 6 cm.

Four drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

12. Recto, full page

12. Verso, full page

12. Recto, detail

12. Verso, detail

12. Recto, detail

12. Verso, detail

12. Recto, detail

12. Verso, detail

12. Recto, detail

12. Verso, detail

 13Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Eyed hawk moth (Smerinthus ocellata), caterpillar, pupa, and eggs]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 19 x 20 cm.

13. Recto

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "This Catterpiller I breade of eggs that this / butterfly Layd and found that thay fed upon willow / Leaves in Jully, it is of a dusky greene about its / head it has a yealoe ring and has whitte streaks / all a long the syde and betweene them a small / black ovall which is whitte in the midle, its taylle / is asure blew on the top, its for feette are of a durty / red its hinder feette are greene where the body is greene / it is full of Little whitte speks as you see, this very flye / as soune as it was hatcht I rund a pin through its body / and pinned it upon a box Led and within 2 or 3 days / it Layde upon the box Led a greatt number of egs of / the bignes you see of a faire greene and weare / of a orientall Luster Lyke perles. I Could not / but take notice of 2 things the first that it should / Lay eggs without the usse of a Coke and the other / is that within 8 or 10 days the eggs hatcht and brought / forth Little Catterpillers and the first day they are hatcht they feed only upon thiere egg shels, and the next day upon thiere / proper foode that is willow, and every 10 or 12 days, thier heads bieing of a thinne horny substance thay / Cast it ofe from thier shoulders Like a empty skull, and thier heads are much bigger than it was before / and so the body groes, for when the body is bigger and to big for the head then thay Cast that scull away and so they doe / till that are of a full bignes and done eatting, this phalena or flye its uper wings are of a fleashe / Couleur marbled with umber Light and deepe as you see, the under wings are of a red Rose Couleur / but the extremites of them is som whatt paller on them is toe blew eyes or Circles with a velvett black / spott in the midle, and round about the blew is a broad Circle not directly round and has a point dounwards / its Cornicles are of a dirty yealoe its eyes are black, its shoulders are hairry of a fleashe Couleur and so is the / head, the back is of a black Dun velvett the rest of the body is of a umber Couleur and all the Legs / of the Same, the oriella is of a mouse dunn and hatcht the next yeare after, in June."

14Moths

Verso includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

14. Recto, full page

14. Verso, full page

 14aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Orange and pink moth, caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 8 cm.

14a. Recto, detail

14a. Verso, detail

 14b[Large yellow underwing moth (Noctua pronuba), caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 8 cm.

14b. Recto, detail

14b. Verso, detail

 14c[Magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata), caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 8 cm.

14c. Recto, detail

 15Moths

Four drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

15. Recto, full page

15. Verso, full page

 15aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [White moth with dark spots, caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 7 cm.

15a. Recto, detail

15a. Verso, detail

 15b[Grey and yellow moth, caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 7 cm.

"Marshall" -- in an unidentified hand, lower right.

15b. Recto, detail

15b. Verso, detail

 15c[Caddis fly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 7 cm.

15c. Recto, detail

15c. Verso, detail

 15d[Brown and pinkish moth, caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 7 cm.

15d. Recto, detail

15d. Verso, detail

 16Butterflies and moths

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

16. Recto, full page

16. Verso, full page

 16aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Artemesia swallowtail caterpillar (Papilio machaon brucei) with pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 6 x 18 cm.

16a. Recto, detail

16a. Verso, detail

Left of image includes text in Marshal's hand: This Catterpiller I found in Sr John / Haulands garden att Streattom in Surry. / it fead upon fennill its head green with / marks black & red its body of a velvet black / surrounded with double rings of pure greene and in the midle of every insision scarlett / spots, its feette are greene & black as you see."

16b[Small white butterfly (Pieris rapae), caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 9 cm.

"Marshall" -- in an unidentified hand, lower right.

16b. Recto, detail

16b. Verso, detail

 16c[Black and brown moth, caterpillar and pupa]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 9 cm.

16c. Recto, detail

16c. Verso, detail

 17Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Red and black beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 12 x 22 cm.

17. Recto

Above image includes text in unidentified hand: "How strangely penurious to Draw on both sides ye paper, & so coarse could not be dear, / but ye great 'George Dionisius Ehret' did ye same in his fine flowers, & ca See ye other side."

Includes text, below image, in Marshal's hand: "Here I do begin to represent the beetles that are weethout Noses or horns, and have / indeverd, as near as possible I Could, with pencill and Couleurs to imitate nature, for its big: / nes I know none so adorned with Couleurs. this beetle was given me by Sr Henry Moudy".

Lower right includes text in an unidentified hand: "Marshall".

17 VersoMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Brazilian beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 11 x 21 cm.

17. Verso

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "flying beetle is Called by the brasilians / Babayoe for the noyse it maks when it flyes / which is 40 times more then our bigest humble / bee wee have, in so much that the Indian / boys, with reeds or the snout of flyes or such / toothing pypes moks or Calls them, as is done / with Kettles or basons to Call beese and when / the beetle Coms towards them some runs a- / way and some stryks att it, for it flyes after / the maner of our Chafers, and he that stryks / it and Catch it, is counted valliant amongst / them, and wears it as a trophe, after the fly: / ing scorpion, I know none so hurtfull as this, - / both for bytthing and sthinghin, and is very quick in hearing its for yards are hollow / and black plyable any way, att the ends there is, in Shape Lyke to deepe Laydles very / thine, where with as they say it make this noyse, his nipers are black and wondrous strong and sharp / whatever a nips a Cuts through. its eyes are greatt and dark read parted in purrullis, in the middle of / its forehead is a round ring somewhat high Lyke [text cut off]".

 18Beetles

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, stating that a beetle was given to Marshall by Captain Tohmas Roe "who brought it from the barabodos".

18. Recto, full page

18. Verso, full page

 18aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Rhinosceros beetle. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 10 x 21 cm.

Lower right includes text in an unidentified hand: "Marshall".

18a. Recto, detail

18a. Verso, detail

 18bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Elephant beetle. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 8 x 22 cm.

Lower right includes text in an unidentified hand: "Marshall".

18b. Recto, detail

18b. Verso, detail

 19Flies

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

19. Recto, full page

 19aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Goatte fly. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 11 x 18 cm.

19a. Recto, detail

Below image includes text in Marshal's hand: "This Cerambix, or goatte fly, I drew from one that was in John Tradescan Closet / his hornes blacke difers much from the other, as you see, but Carries them, Severall ways and formes. / his head is of a read oker Couleur, his eyes bige as pleasant to the eye as emeraulds, his shoulders / Lyke carved Jett, his nipers are very Sharpe and dented, on bothe Syds two Cornicles, his - / Shelly wings are of a broune reade the undermost are of a dark yealoe".

19bSword fly. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 8 x 19 cm.

19b. Verso, detail

Left of image includes text in Marshal's hand: "This sword fly is - / frequent in Ethiopia / on the Cost of Mozambick / My very good frend Capne / Chamberlaine brought / three from thence, which / gave me two of them. / This I kept, the other / I sent in to france, to / Monsr Robin a great / Colecteur of Curiosities."

20Insects

20. Recto, full page

20. Verso, full page

 20aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Umbrella fly. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 7 x 18 cm.

20a. Recto, detail

20a. Verso, detail

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "This umbrella fly Came from brasill the fore / part of its head is spread with foure thinne scalops of / the same substance of the rest of the body is thay / are haire att the edges with black, nature was un / willing to wrong this insect, for had its eyes been / placed as in others, a Could not a seene a bove / its umbrella, for its bignes it has the biggest and / Longest eyes of any that I have seene, which are swell'd above its Umbrella."

20b[Ram beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 9 x 17 cm.

20b. Recto, detail

20b. Verso, detail

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "The Ram or xeroxegcos, hath knotty horns joi / nted one within another violett Couleur a head / greenish from gold Couleur, the Shoulders Like / vermilion, a purple Couloured belly, its sheat / wings of the Couleur of the head, the legs / and feett of a Light red ocker, the wings / shut up in a sheath do fitly express the / small whitish membrane of a Cane or the wings of a eruwige theese flyes or / beetles are found in Savoy it feeds much on Lime tree leaves it / has very short Cornicles about the mouth some blew and some red."

The 2 images are pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

21Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Green beetles. 3 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 4 x 9 cm. -- 10 x 10 cm. and smaller.

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Versos of drawings includes fragments of letterpress printing from pages 1007 and 1014 of Cotes's translation of Mouffett's Theater of Insects (London 1658).

21. Recto, full page

21. Verso, full page

21. Recto, detail

Verso, detail

21. Recto, detail

21. Verso, detail

21. Recto, detail

21. Verso, detail

 22Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Yellow and black beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 13 x 18 cm.

22. Recto

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "This Cerambix or goatte fly I Cought in / warwicksheere, its eys are a Shinning black; the head and Shoulders black. its sheatt wings are yealo / Lyke a Crow flower, variegatted with a Jett black / its hornes are in Joynts black and yealoe, the under- / part of its body, is of a blackish dunn it has / Six legs yealo the two hinder must are att the end of the / Joints black. All as is to bee admired in all indian / insects is of shere bignes wich is Caused by the / heatt of the Sunn and the ranknes of the ground - Caused by the greatt dewse. / for searching about and observing, with glases or otherwise I have seene as / strange beettles or flyes and as Richly adorned with works and Couleurs in / England, as ever I saw Come from any part of the east or west India, but / that our Climatt, what with the frost or Could fogs, Cheks them so often / and keeps them under, that they Can not groe big with us, as for experience / this yeare 1667 was the hottiste sumer I ever felth in England, and I observed in many Contrties heare, where I was, I saw and found much biger butterflyes or / beettles or other insects and Catterpillers then formerly."

23Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Two views of a Lanthorne fly]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 24 x 19 cm.

23. Recto

Fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects, are visible on verso of drawing.

23. Verso

Text, in Marshal's hand, begins at left of image and wraps below image: "The lanthorne fly I / have indevourd to draw / as exactly as I Could and / in there Couleurs, thay / weare given me by / Mr. Punic which weare / sent him by his brother / who lived many years / in India, some observations I shale set- / doune of this fly though / much is said in / the historie before, but / this fly having never- / been before spoken off, nor represented, / the discourse may bee, understoode and given to the Cornia, for its splendour or light, but this / lanthorne flye goes very much beyeand it in its glowingnes, and the light it gives a for offe."

24Locusts

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

24. Recto, full page

24. Verso, full page

 24aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Yellow locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image 7 x 11 cm.

24a. Recto, detail

Fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects, are visible on verso of drawing.

24a. Verso, detail

 24bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Locust with wings spread]. 1 drawing : watercolor ; image and text 12 x 18 cm.

24b. Recto, detail

Below image includes text in Marshal's hand: "This locust was sent me from virginia the Cornicles are black. its head and / Coulle is of a umber Couleur, its eyes are of a Crimson hard and glare, its / mouth is two strong dented nipers with small and soft short Cornicles, its uper / wings are of a light umber Couleur spotted of the same, its under wings founded / Lyke a skrine are black, the lower part of them is a broad heme yealoe, the body / is black with many insisure, or Joints, it has sex legs black."

25Locusts

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

25. Recto, full page

25. Verso, full page

 25aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Green and blue locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 13 x 17 cm.

25a. Recto, detail

Below image includes text in Marshal's hand: "This Locust was brought from guinie its hornes are greene betwene its / hornes a has a bose, its eyes are sweld out of a Jasint glace Couleur, its head and Coulle / is grase greene its mouth and Cornicles of the same, its uper wings are marbled / of a watterish blew, vained black, its underwings are broad, but foulded Lyke / a skrine under the upermost, and of the same Couleur, but the ends of the / upermost wings are marbled of a dun Couleur, its brest is of a yeallor green."

25bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Purple locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image and text 9 x 16 cm.

25b. Recto, detail

Verso of drawing includes fragments of letterpress printing.

25b. Verso, detail

Below image includes text in Marshal's hand: "This locust was given me by one Captaine Stains whoe brought / it from hispagnola, on that expedition that was sent by Cromwell".

26Locusts

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Verso of drawings includes fragments of text in Marshal's hand, regarding insects.

26. Recto, full page

26. Verso, full page

 26aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Purple and yellow locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 11 x 15 cm.

26a. Recto, detail

26a. Verso, detail

 26bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Green locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 12 x 13 cm.

26b. Recto, detail

26b. Verso, detail

 27Spiders. 2 drawings : watercolor and ink and pencil ; diam. image 6 cm.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

27. Recto, full page

27. Recto, detail

27. Recto, detail

 28[Rust butterfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 8 cm.

28. Recto

 29Moths and butterflies. 6 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 6 x 8 cm. -- 6 x 9 cm.

Six drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

29. Recto, full page

29. Recto, detail

29. Recto, detail

29. Recto, detail

29. Recto, detail

29. Recto, detail

29. Recto, detail

 30Marshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Two views of a Red underwing moth (Catocala nupta)]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 12 x 11 cm.

Center left includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Not in inlay". Lower middle includes pencilled text in same hand: "this leaf chiefly Marshall's".

30. Recto

 31Butterflies

Four drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

31. Recto, full page

 31a[Brown, red and yellow butterfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink on vellum; image 5 x 6 cm.

31a. Recto, detail

 31b[Yellow and black butterfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink on vellum; image 8 x 9 cm.

31b. Recto, detail

 31c[Orange, yellow and brown butterfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink on vellum; image 5 x 8 cm.

31c. Recto, detail

 31d[Brown and yellow butterfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink on vellum; image 5 x 6 cm.

31d. Recto, detail

 32[Two Garden tiger moths (Arctia caja): one in flight, another perched on a branch]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 19 x 14 cm. 33[Buff-tip moth (Phalera bucephala) in flight, pupa with adult emerging, and caterpillar on plant growing on hillock]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 19 x 12 cm.

33. Recto

 34Moths

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

34. Recto, full page

 34a[Silver Y (Plusia gamma) moth]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 7 x 10 cm.

34a. Recto, detail

 34b[Three aspects of a Cinnabar moth (Callimorpha jacobaeae), including caterpillar]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 6 cm.

34b. Recto, detail

 34cPlum tree moth. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 3 x 4 cm.

Lower right includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Operana. Plum tree moth".

Inserted upside down into album.

34c. Recto, detail

 35Insects.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

35. Recto, full page

 35aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Fly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 6 x 10 cm.

35a. Recto, detail

Verso of drawing includes letterpress printing: page 984 From Cotes's translation of Mouffett's Theater of Insects (London 1658).

35a. Verso, detail

 35bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Green dragonfly]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 13 cm.

Lower right includes text in an unidentified hand: "Marshall".

35b. Recto, detail

 36[Grasshopper]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 19 x 19 cm.

36. Recto

 37Hemiptera

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

37. Recto, full page

 37a[Various hemiptera]. 4 drawings : watercolor and ink ; inset 9 x 13 cm.

Four different species pasted into one inset.

37a. Recto, detail

 37b[Hemiptera]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 9 x 12 cm.

37b. Recto, detail

 38Insects

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

38. Recto, full page

 38a[Mole cricket]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 9 cm.

38a. Recto, detail

 38bLocust. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 6 x 6 cm.

38b. Recto, detail

 38c[Two] beetles. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 8 x 11 cm.

38c. Recto, detail

 39[Mole crickets, male and female]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 16 cm.

Lower left includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Mole Cricketts - 1 male 2 female".

39. Recto

 40Locusts

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

40. Recto, full page

 40a[Locust from Germany]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 11 x 12 cm.

Lower middle includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "locust, Germany".

40a. Recto, detail

 40b[Green locust]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 14 x 13 cm.

40b. Recto, detail

 41Stag beetles. 2 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 10 x 11 cm. and 10 x 12 cm.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

41. Recto, full page

41. Recto, detail

41. Recto, detail

 42[Six beetles]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 25 x 18 cm.

Lower middle, image includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Elephant beetle".

42. Recto

 43Insects

Four drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

43. Recto, full page

 43a[Cricket]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 4 x 6 cm.

43a. Recto, detail

 43b[Cicada]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 5 x 10 cm.

Verso includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "Testiz. Mouffat 991."

43b. Recto, detail

 43c[Grasshopper]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 5 x 8 cm.

43c. Recto, detail

 43d[Black beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 5 x 6 cm.

43d. Recto, detail

 44Beetles

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

44. Recto, full page

44. Verso, full page

 44aMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. [Brown beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 9 x 8 cm.

Lower right includes text in unidentified hand: "Marshall."

44a. Recto, detail

 44bMarshal, Alexander, 162-?-1682. Goat beetle. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 7 x 11 cm.

Lower middle includes text in unidentified hand: "Goat Beetle, or Antelope fr. Africa."

44b. Recto, detail

Verso of drawing includes fragments of letterpress printing from page 1007 of Mouffet's Theater.

44b. Verso, detail

 45[Surinam beetle]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 13 x 14 cm.

Upper left includes pencilled text in unidentified hand: "Beetles Surinam".

Verso includes pencilled text in unidentified hand: "Cymax Aquaticus Surinam".

45. Recto

 46Beetles. 7 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 4 x 6 cm. -- 5 x 8 cm.

Seven drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Three images include fragments of letterpress printing on verso: pages 1005, and 1013 from Mouffet's Theater.

46. Recto, full page

46. Verso, full page

46. Recto, detail

46. Recto, detail

46. Recto, detail

46. Verso, detail

46. Recto, detail

46. Verso, detail

46. Recto, detail

46. Verso, detail

46. Recto, detail

46. Recto, detail

 47Beetles. 7 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 4 x 6 cm. -- 5 x 7 cm.

Seven drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

One image is labelled in pencil by an unidentified hand: "See [?] leaf Marsh".

47. Recto, full page

47. Recto, detail

47. Recto, detail

47. Recto, detail

47. Recto, detail

47. Recto, detail

 48Butterflies

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

48. Recto, full page

 48a[Two Swallowtails]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 9 x 19 cm.

48a. Recto, detail

 48b[Two orange butterflies]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 12 x 19 cm.

48b. Recto, detail

 49Blue butterflies. 2 drawings : watercolor and ink on vellum ; image 8 x 8 cm. and 8 x 9 cm.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Depicts one blue and black butterfly and one brown and blue butterfly.

One image pasted in upside down.

49. Recto, full page

49. Recto, detail

49. Recto, detail

 50Butterlies and moths. 2 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 7 x 9 cm. and 10 x 9 cm.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Depicts an olive green swallowtail and an Io-type moth.

50. Recto, full page

50. Recto, detail

50. Recto, detail

 51Butterflies and moths. 3 drawings : watercolor and ink ; image 5 x 6 cm. -- 7 x 12 cm.

Three drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Depicts a yellow moth, an orange butterfly and two views of a tailed skipper.

51. Recto, full page

51. Recto, detail

51. Recto, detail

51. Recto, detail

 52Withoos. [Winged insects]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 23 x 16 cm.

Depicts a butterfly, 3 moths, a bee, and a wasp.

Lower right signed: "p: withoos: fe:".

52. Recto, full page

 53Withoos. Butterflies. 2 drawings : watercolor and ink on vellum; image 10 x 17 cm. and smaller.

Two drawings pasted into one sheet of the album.

Depicts two separate species in each drawing.

Lower right of each image signed (one in pencil): "p: withoos: fe:".

53. Recto, full page

53. Recto, detail

53. Recto, detail

 54Ehret, Georg Dionysius, 1708-1770. [Tiger moth, cocoon, and pupa on a clematis vine]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 23 x 16 cm.

Right of butterfly includes pencilled text: "found at Clifden hill".

Lower right signed faintly in pencil (in same hand): G.D. Ehret.

54. Recto, full page

 55Ehret, Georg Dionysius, 1708-1770. [Moths, butterflies and morning glory]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 26 x 17 cm.

Lower right signed: "G.D. Ehret".

55. Recto, full page

 56Robin, T. [Caterpillars]. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 27 x 24 cm.

Depicts twelve species of caterpillar and 2 pupae, displayed against a background of carnations.

Lower right includes pencilled text in an unidentified hand: "these 2 by T. Robin".

Verso includes pencilled text in the same hand: "Perhaps on opposite side".

56. Recto, full page

 57Guinea pig. 1 drawing : watercolor and ink ; image 12 x 19 cm.

57. Recto